Contract Fishing in Africa and Inputs Markets for Artisanal Fishers: The Analysis of Impact Factors around Lake Victoria
Keywords:
Contract fishing, Input’s market, Income security, Lake Victoria, Artisanal FishersAbstract
Artisanal fishers in Africa suffer from income insecurity and exploitation from patron-client system (contract fishing) mainly due to informal governance structure. The objective of this study was to analyze the fishery inputs market factors applied in contract fishing on selected landing sites around Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Two districts were selected purposely in Mwanza region followed by proportionate sampling of six landing sites. A logistic multiple regression analysis was applied for questionnaire data from a sample of 289 artisanal fishers selected randomly using lottery approach in each landing site. Focused group discussions and key informant interviews were employed to triangulate questionnaire data results. Vessel ownership, market access, cash loans, and fishing experiences are significant (P<0.05) input market factors influencing participation in contract fishing for both contracted and freelance fishers. Artisanal fishers are recommended to establish fisher’s organization institutions for a collective agreement with buyers on market input factors, including access to market and provisions of other social capital facilities. Provision of fishing facilities, vessels and loans by financial institutions is recommended for sustainability of fishery business and income security among artisanal fishers.
References
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Nurdin, N. & Grydehøj, A. (2014). Informal governance through patron–client rela- tionships and destructive fishing in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 3(2), 54-59. doi.org/10.1016/j.imic .2014.11.003
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Sambuo, D., Malamsha, K. & Kirama, S., (2019). Analysis of Fish Landing Price on Subjective Wellbeing of Fishers Around Lake Victoria, Tanzania. doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00158-y.
Samy-Kamal, M. (2020). Estonian fisheries management system under the lens of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) standard. Marine Policy. 117,103885. doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103885.
Satria, D. & Li, E. (2017). Contract Engage- ment in the Small-Scale Tuna Fishing Economies of East Java. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 53(1), 27- 54. doi.10.1080/00074918.2016. 1198467.
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Sharma, C. & Biswas, S. (2020). Determi- nants of a bribe in the informal sector: Some empirical evidence from India. Global Business Review, 21(2), 436-457. doi.org/10.1177/0972150917749293
Thyresson, M., Crona, B., Nyström, M., de la Torre-Castro, M. & Jiddawi, N. (2013). Tracing value chains to understand ef- fects of trade on coral reef fish in Zanzi- bar, Tanzania. Marine Policy, 38, 246- 256. doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012. 05.041
Ton, G., Desiere, S., Vellema, W., Weituschat, S. and D'Haese, M., (2017). The effectiveness of contract farming for raising income of smallholder farmers in low and middle income countries: A sys- tematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 13(1), 1-131.
URT (2014). Report on Lake Victoria Fishery Frame Survey Results-2014 Tanzania. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tan- zania.162pp.
URT (2017). Mwanza Region Investment Guide. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 80pp
Wamukota, A. W., Crona. B., Osuka, K. & Daw, T. (2015) The Importance of Se- lected Individual Characteristics in Deter- mining Market Prices for Fishers and Traders in Kenyan Small-Scale Fisheries, Society & Natural Resources. An International Journal, 28:9, 959-974. doi.10.1080/08941920.2015.1014600.
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Wilson, D. C., Nielsen, J. R. & Degnbol, P. (Eds.). (2003). The fisheries co-manage- ment experience: Accomplishments, chal- lenges and prospects. 26. Springer Science & Business Media.
Zamroni, A & Yamao, M. (2013). An assess- ment of farm-to-market link of Indone- sian dried seaweeds: Contribution of mid- dlemen towards sustainable livelihood of small-scale fishermen in Laikang Bay. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(30), 4198-4208. doi:10.58897/ AJAR11.1059.
Zelasney, J., Ford, A., Westlund, L., Ward, A. & Riego Peñarubia, O. eds. (2020). Securing sustainable small-scale fisheries: Showcasingapplied practices in value chains, post-harvest operations and trade. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 652. Rome, FAO. doi.org/10.4060/ ca8402en.
Arumugam, Nalini & Arshad, Fatimah Mohamed & Chiew, Fook C. Eddie & Mohamed, Zainalabidin, (2011). "Deter- minants of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (FFV) Farmers’ Participation in Contract Farming in Peninsular Malaysia," Inter- national Journal of Agricultural Manage- ment and Development (IJAMAD), Ira- nian Association of Agricultural Econom- ics, 1 (2), 1-7.
Bajpai, N. (2011). Business Research Meth- ods. Pearson, New Delhi, India.
Balassone, F., Cecchetti, S., Cecioni, M., Cioffi, M., Cornacchia, W., Corneli, F. & Semeraro, G. (2018). Economic govern- ance in the euro area: Balancing risk re- duction and risk sharing. In Debt Default and Democracy. Edward Elgar Publish- ing. Bennett, N. J., Ban, N. C., Schuhbauer, A., Splichalova, D. V., Eadie, M., Vandeborne, K. et al. (2021). Access rights, capacities and benefits in small- scale fisheries: Insights from the Pacific Coast of Canada. Marine Policy, 130, 104581.
Botto-Barrios, D. & Saavedra-Díaz, L. (2020). Assessment of Ostrom’s social- ecological system framework for the co- management of small-scale marine fish- eries in Colombia: from local fishers’ per- spectives. Ecology and Society, 25(1), 12. doi.org/10.5751/ES-11299-250112.
Canarje, G. (2007). Contractual arrangements in Philippine fisheries, Discussion paper series no. 2007-22. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Philippine.
Chandrashekar, B. (2014). Fishery co-opera- tive societies in India: Problems and pro- spects. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 3(7), 2277-8160. world- widejournals.com/global-journal-for- research-analysis-GJRA/recent _issues_pdf, visited on 26/04/2020.
Crona, B., Nyström, M., Folke, C. & Jiddawi, N. (2010). Middlemen, a critical social- ecological link in coastal communities of Kenya and Zanzibar. Marine Policy, 34(4), 761-771. doi.org/10.1016/j. marpol.2010.01.023
Evans, S. J. (1991). Good surveys guide. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 302(6772), 302–303. doi: 10.1136/bmj. 302.6772.302.
Espinoza, C. (2015). Share contract choices and economic performance: empirical ev- idence from the artisanal fisheries sector in Chile. Marine Resource Economics, 30(1), 71-95. doi.org/10.1086/679463.
Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis. Pearson Education India.
FAO, (2020). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture: Sustainability in action. Rome. doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en Fabinyi, M. (2013). Social relations and Commodity Chains: The live reef fish for food Trade, Anthropological forum. Journal of social anthropology and com- parative sociology, 23:1, 36-57.
Ferrol-Schulte, D., Ferse, S. C. & Glaser, M. (2014). Patron–client relationships, live- lihoods and natural resource management in tropical coastal communities. Ocean & Coastal Management, 100, 63-73.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.07. 016.
Frank, N. & Umoh, G. (2015). Participation in contract fishing in a developing econ- omy: a qualitative response model analy- sis. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences. 38(2):20-30. doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2015-02.03
Israel, D. G. (2013). Determining sample size. The University of Florida. 5pp. [http://www.gjimt.ac.in/web/wpcontent/ uploads/2017/10/2_Glenn-D.-Israel_ Determining-Sample-Size.pdf], site visited on 21/10/2020.
Lancker, K., Fricke, L., & Schmidt, J. O. (2019). Assessing the contribution of artisanal fisheries to food security: A bio- economic modelling approach. Food Policy, 87, 101740. doi.org/10.1016/j. foodpol.2019.101740.
Lewis-Beck, M. S., Bryman, A., & Futing Liao, T. (2004). The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods. Sage Publications, California,. 1528pp.
Luomba, J. (2013). An assessment of the socio-economic status of fishers’ commu- nities in Lake Victoria, Tanzania in rela- tion to poverty. International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture 3(3), 98-102. [www.researchgate.net/publication/2564 77617], visited on 12/08/2020.
Miñarro, S., Forero, G. N., Reuter, H. & van Putten, I. E. (2016). The role of patron- client relations on the fishing behaviour of artisanal fishermen in the Spermonde Archipelago (Indonesia). Marine policy, 69, 73-83. doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol. 2016.04.006.
Mpenda, Z. (2010). Effects of compliance with food safety standards on costs, ben- efits and organization of Nile Perch ex- port supply chain in Tanzania (Ph.D. The- sis). Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. NBS (2019). National bureau of statistics. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Nurdin, N. & Grydehøj, A. (2014). Informal governance through patron–client rela- tionships and destructive fishing in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 3(2), 54-59. doi.org/10.1016/j.imic .2014.11.003
Penca, J., Said, A., Cavallé, M., Pita, C. & Libralato, S. (2021). Sustainable small- scale fisheries markets in the Mediterra- nean: weaknesses and opportunities. Maritime Studies, 1-15. doi.org/10.1007/ s40152-021-00222-5 Phillips,
M. & Subasinghe, R. (2010). Small- scale Shrimp farmers and global market – Trends, future prospects, and adaptation [w.aquaculturealliance.org/advocate], visited on 11/10/2019.
Pollnac, R. B. & Poggie, J. J. (2008). Happi- ness, well-being and psycho-cultural ad- aptation to the stresses associated with marine fishing. Human Ecology Review. 15(2), 194-200. www.jstor.org/stable/ 24707603, visited on 18/07/2017.
Ragasa, C., Lambrecht, I. & Kufoalor, D., (2018). Limitations of contract farming as a pro-poor strategy: The case of maize outgrower schemes in upper west Ghana. World Development. 102: 30-56. doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.008.
Sambuo, D., Malamsha, K. & Kirama, S., (2019). Analysis of Fish Landing Price on Subjective Wellbeing of Fishers Around Lake Victoria, Tanzania. doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00158-y.
Samy-Kamal, M. (2020). Estonian fisheries management system under the lens of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) standard. Marine Policy. 117,103885. doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103885.
Satria, D. & Li, E. (2017). Contract Engage- ment in the Small-Scale Tuna Fishing Economies of East Java. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 53(1), 27- 54. doi.10.1080/00074918.2016. 1198467.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2016). Research Methods for Business Students (7th edition). Pearson Education Limited, Harlow. 768pp.
Sharma, C. & Biswas, S. (2020). Determi- nants of a bribe in the informal sector: Some empirical evidence from India. Global Business Review, 21(2), 436-457. doi.org/10.1177/0972150917749293
Thyresson, M., Crona, B., Nyström, M., de la Torre-Castro, M. & Jiddawi, N. (2013). Tracing value chains to understand ef- fects of trade on coral reef fish in Zanzi- bar, Tanzania. Marine Policy, 38, 246- 256. doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012. 05.041
Ton, G., Desiere, S., Vellema, W., Weituschat, S. and D'Haese, M., (2017). The effectiveness of contract farming for raising income of smallholder farmers in low and middle income countries: A sys- tematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 13(1), 1-131.
URT (2014). Report on Lake Victoria Fishery Frame Survey Results-2014 Tanzania. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tan- zania.162pp.
URT (2017). Mwanza Region Investment Guide. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 80pp
Wamukota, A. W., Crona. B., Osuka, K. & Daw, T. (2015) The Importance of Se- lected Individual Characteristics in Deter- mining Market Prices for Fishers and Traders in Kenyan Small-Scale Fisheries, Society & Natural Resources. An International Journal, 28:9, 959-974. doi.10.1080/08941920.2015.1014600.
Williamson, O. (2003). Transaction Cost Economics and Economic Sociology. CSES Working Paper 13, Center for the Study of Economy & Society, Depart- ment of Sociology, Cornell University.
Williamson, O. E. & Ostrom, E. (2009). Eco- nomic governance: the organization of cooperation. The prize in economic sciences.
Wilson, D. C., Nielsen, J. R. & Degnbol, P. (Eds.). (2003). The fisheries co-manage- ment experience: Accomplishments, chal- lenges and prospects. 26. Springer Science & Business Media.
Zamroni, A & Yamao, M. (2013). An assess- ment of farm-to-market link of Indone- sian dried seaweeds: Contribution of mid- dlemen towards sustainable livelihood of small-scale fishermen in Laikang Bay. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(30), 4198-4208. doi:10.58897/ AJAR11.1059.
Zelasney, J., Ford, A., Westlund, L., Ward, A. & Riego Peñarubia, O. eds. (2020). Securing sustainable small-scale fisheries: Showcasingapplied practices in value chains, post-harvest operations and trade. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 652. Rome, FAO. doi.org/10.4060/ ca8402en.
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2021-06-30
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Sambuo, D. B. (2021). Contract Fishing in Africa and Inputs Markets for Artisanal Fishers: The Analysis of Impact Factors around Lake Victoria. Journal of Social Sciences, Business and Technology (JSSBT), 2(1), 11-21. Retrieved from https://journals.cuk.ac.ke/index.php/JSSBT/article/view/50
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